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Individualist anarchism in the United States was strongly influenced by Josiah Warren, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Lysander Spooner, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon,〔"One of the most important of these influences was the french political philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon whose words "Liberty not the mother but the daughter of order" appeared as a motto on ''Libertys masthead"(Wendy McElroy. "The culture of individualist anarchist in Late-nineteenth century America" )〕 Max Stirner,〔"Another major foreign influence was the german philosopher Max Stirner"(Wendy McElroy. "The culture of individualist anarchist in Late-nineteenth century America" )〕 Herbert Spencer,〔"The third foreings thinker with great impact was the british philosopher Herbert Spencer"(Wendy McElroy. "The culture of individualist anarchist in Late-nineteenth century America" )〕 and Henry David Thoreau. The first American anarchist publication was ''The Peaceful Revolutionist'', edited by Josiah Warren, whose earliest experiments and writings predate Pierre Proudhon. Other important individualist anarchists in the United States were Stephen Pearl Andrews, William Batchelder Greene, Ezra Heywood, M. E. Lazarus, John Beverley Robinson, James L. Walker, Joseph Labadie, Steven Byington, and Laurance Labadie. == Overview == For American anarchist historian Eunice Minette Schuster, American individualist anarchism "stresses the isolation of the individual—his right to his own tools, his mind, his body, and to the products of his labor. To the artist who embraces this philosophy it is "aesthetic" anarchism, to the reformer, ethical anarchism, to the independent mechanic, economic anarchism. The former is concerned with philosophy, the latter with practical demonstration. The economic anarchist is concerned with constructing a society on the basis of anarchism. Economically he sees no harm whatever in the private possession of what the individual produces by his own labor, but only so much and no more. The aesthetic and ethical type found expression in the transcendentalism, humanitarianism, and romanticism of the first part of the nineteenth century, the economic type in the pioneer life of the West during the same period, but more favorably after the Civil War."〔(''NATIVE AMERICAN ANARCHISM A Study of Left-Wing American Individualism'' by Eunice Minette Schuster )〕 Contemporary individualist anarchist Kevin Carson characterizes American individualist anarchism saying that "Unlike the rest of the socialist movement, the individualist anarchists believed that the natural wage of labor in a free market was its product, and that economic exploitation could only take place when capitalists and landlords harnessed the power of the state in their interests. Thus, individualist anarchism was an alternative both to the increasing statism of the mainstream socialist movement, and to a classical liberal movement that was moving toward a mere apologetic for the power of big business." 〔Kevin Carson. ''Organization Theory: A Libertarian Perspective''. BOOKSURGE. 2008. Pg. 1〕 It is for this reason that it has been suggested that in order to understand American individualist anarchism one must take into account "the social context of their ideas, namely the transformation of America from a pre-capitalist to a capitalist society...the non-capitalist nature of the early U.S. can be seen from the early dominance of self-employment (artisan and peasant production). At the beginning of the 19th century, around 80% of the working (non-slave) male population were self-employed. The great majority of Americans during this time were farmers working their own land, primarily for their own needs." and so "Individualist anarchism is clearly a form of artisanal socialism... while communist anarchism and anarcho-syndicalism are forms of industrial (or proletarian) socialism."〔("G.1.4 Why is the social context important in evaluating Individualist Anarchism?" in ''An Anarchist FAQ'' )〕 Historian Wendy McElroy reports that American individualist anarchism received an important influence of 3 European thinkers. "One of the most important of these influences was the french political philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon whose words "Liberty is not the Daughter But the Mother of Order" appeared as a motto on ''Libertys masthead" 〔(Wendy McElroy. "The culture of individualist anarchist in Late-nineteenth century America" )〕 (influential individualist anarchist publication of Benjamin Tucker). "Another major foreign influence was the german philosopher Max Stirner".〔 "The third foreign thinker with great impact was the british philosopher Herbert Spencer"〔 Other influences to consider include William Godwin's "anarchism (which) exerted an ideological influence on some of this, but more so the socialism of Robert Owen and Charles Fourier. After success of his British venture, Owen himself established a cooperative community within the United States at New Harmony, Indiana during 1825. One member of this commune was Josiah Warren (1798-1874), considered to be the first individualist anarchist. After New Harmony failed Warren shifted his ideological loyalties from socialism to anarchism (which was no great leap, given that Owen's socialism had been predicated on Godwin's anarchism)."〔(Peter Sabatini. "Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy" )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Individualist anarchism in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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